Official Documents, Media Coverage and Research Articles

This page contains media coverage, research articles, preprints, medical opinion pieces, and policy documents. If we are missing items, please email them to the maintainer.

Documents

These are documents issued or prepared by Evusheld for the UK or by charity partners with whom we work, here released in the interests of transparency.

• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Letter to the UK Prime Minister’. 23 March 2023.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘UK Government Privatises Covid Response and Forces Vulnerable Immunocompromised Patients to Pay for Covid Drugs’. 20 October 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Submission to NICE consultation COVID-19 (prevention) - tixagevimab–cilgavimab ID6136’. 09 October 2022.
• Blood Cancer UK. 2022. ‘Letter to the Secretary of State for Health’. 04 October 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Response Letter to the New Secretary of State for Health’. 20 September 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Joint Charity Letter to Secretary of State for Health’. 23 August 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Response to DHSC Shelving Plans for Evusheld in Winter 2022’. 12 August 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Response to NICE Scoping Consultation: Tixagevimab–cilgavimab for preventing COVID-19, ID6136’. 11 August 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘Department of Health Plans to Deny Lifesaving Treatment to Vulnerable Patients’. 10 August 2022.
• Evusheld for the UK. 2022. ‘UK “Outlier” in Not Protecting 500,000+ Vulnerable Patients with New Lifesaving Drug. AstraZeneca Denies Government Claims of Further Testing’. 21 June 2022.

Selected Media Coverage

These are articles in mainstream media/press releases about Evusheld in the UK, in reverse chronological order. It also includes statements from major UK charities on the drug.

• Harris, Siobhan. ‘Medical Experts Ask for a Rethink on Evusheld’. Medscape UK. Accessed 21 August 2022.
• Raphael, Therese, and Sam Fazeli. ‘Britain Needs a Better Booster Strategy for Covid’. Washington Post, 19 August 2022.
• Mahase, Elisabeth. ‘Covid-19: UK Will Not Buy Evusheld Owing to “Insufficient Data” on Protection, Government Says’. BMJ 378 (15 August 2022): o2021.
• Walsh, Fergus. ‘Covid: Evusheld Antibody Protection Ruled out for Most Vulnerable’, BBC News, 12 August 2022, sec. Health.
• Davis, Nicola. ‘UK Decision Not to Buy Covid Drug Evusheld Disappoints Charities’. The Guardian, 12 August 2022, sec. World news.
• Gallagher, Paul. ‘Thousands of Vulnerable “in Limbo” as Government Rules out Buying Covid Protection Drug’. inews.co.uk, 12 August 2022.
• Taylor, Phil. ‘Dismay as UK “drags Its Heels” on AZ’s COVID Antibody Evusheld’. Pharmaphorum, 12 August 2022.
• AstraZeneca. ‘Update to Evusheld Recommended Dosage Regimen for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19’, 14 July 2022.
• Sarcoidosis UK. ‘SarcoidosisUK Evusheld Statement’. SarcoidosisUK, 10 July 2022.
• Cardiomyopathy UK. ‘A Statement on Evusheld’. Cardiomyopathy UK, 8 July 2021.
• Davies, Joe. ‘Calls for UK to Stock up on Covid Drug That Slashes Illness by 80%’. Daily Mail, 7 July 2022.
• Lay, Kat. ‘Calls Grow for Government to Order Covid Drug to Boost Protection for Vulnerable’. The Times, 6 July 2022, sec. news.
• Lennard, Lee. ‘Consultation for an Independent Clinical Consensus Statement for Protective Measures for VGP’. All-Party Parliamentary Group on Vulnerable Groups to Pandemics, 5 July 2022.
• Ennals, Ethan. ‘Will Covid Drug Evusheld Be Offered to Brits Who Don’t Respond to Jab?’. Mail Online, 2 July 2022.
• Mullard, Asher. ‘COVID Antibody Drugs Have Saved Lives — so Why Aren’t They More Popular?’ Nature 606, no. 7916 (29 June 2022): 854–56.
• Sharp, Christopher. ‘Blood Cancer UK Says Government “Needs to Do More” amid Battle for Evusheld’. Express.co.uk, 26 June 2022.
• Shapiro, Lindsey. 2022. ‘Evusheld Boosts Antibodies Against COVID-19 in Vaccinated MS Patients’. Multiple Sclerosis News Today (blog). 10 June 2022.
• ‘Evusheld Significantly Prevented COVID-19 Disease Progression or Death in Tackle Phase III Treatment Trial’. 2022. Zawya. 10 June 2022.
• ‘AstraZeneca’s Evusheld Prevents Disease Progression in Phase III Covid-19 Trial’. 2022. Clinical Trials Arena (blog). 9 June 2022.
• AstraZeneca. 2022. ‘Evusheld Significantly Prevented COVID-19 Disease Progression or Death in TACKLE Phase III Treatment Trial’. 8 June 2022.
• Chudleigh, Hannah. 2022. ‘AstraZeneca’s Evusheld Successfully Prevents Progression to Severe COVID-19’. BioSpace. 8 June 2022.
• Kahn, Rachel. 2022. ‘Evusheld – Does It Work against Omicron?’ Blood Cancer UK. 6 June 2022.
• Sharp, Christopher. 2022. ‘Covid: Why the Threat of the Virus Still Haunts Those Who Are Immunosuppressed’. Express, 29 May 2022.
• AstraZeneca. 2022. ‘Evusheld Long-Acting Antibody Combination Retains Neutralising Activity against Omicron Variants BA.4 and BA.5, According to New Study from University of Oxford’. 25 May 2022.
• Barnes, Oliver. 2022. ‘UK Accused of Leaving Covid Immunocompromised “out to Dry”’. Financial Times, 4 May 2022.
• Kollewe, Julia. 2022. ‘AstraZeneca Boss Calls for UK to Provide New Covid-19 Medicine to the Vulnerable’. The Guardian, 29 April 2022, sec. Business.
• Ennals, Ethan. 2022. ‘Covid 19: Vulnerable Patients Denied £800 Anti-Viral Jab Unless They Go Private’. Daily Mail. 23 April 2022.
• AstraZeneca. 2022. ‘Evusheld Long-Acting Antibody Combination Retains Neutralising Activity against Omicron Variants Including BA.2 in New Independent Studies’. 21 March 2022.
• ‘Evusheld Approved to Prevent COVID-19 in People Whose Immune Response Is Poor’. 2022. GOV.UK. 17 March 2022.
• AstraZeneca. 2022. ‘AstraZeneca’s Antibody Combination, Evusheld (Tixagevimab Co-Packaged with Cilgavimab) Authorised for Use in Great Britain for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prevention) of COVID-19’. 17 March 2022.
• ‘Individuals with Immunodeficiency at High Risk of Mortality Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection’. 2022. University of Birmingham. 31 January 2022.

Research Articles, Preprints, Medical Opinion Pieces, and Policy Documents about Evusheld

These are formal research studies into the efficacy and dosage of Evusheld. These are arranged by alphabetical order of first author. We list here all articles (attempting a comprehensive literature review) rather than merely those with positive findings.

Articles marked [PREPRINT] have not necessarily been subject to peer review.

• ‘COVID-19 Update: Hypersensitivity Reactions with Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld)’. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 64, no. 1654 (11 July 2022): 112.
• ‘COVID-19 Update: Dosing Interval for Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld)’. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, 8 August 2022.
• ACTIV-3–Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Study Group. ‘Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab for Treatment of Patients Hospitalised with COVID-19: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial’. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8 July 2022.
• Aggarwal, Anupriya, Anouschka Akerman, Vanessa Milogiannakis, Mariana Ruiz Silva, Gregory Walker, Alberto Ospina Stella, Andrea Kindinger, et al. ‘SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5: Evolving Tropism and Evasion of Potent Humoral Responses and Resistance to Clinical Immunotherapeutics Relative to Viral Variants of Concern’. EBioMedicine 84 (18 September 2022): 104270.
• Aisenberg, Gabriel M. ‘In Persons at Risk for Poor Vaccination Response or COVID-19 Exposure, Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab Reduced COVID-19’. Annals of Internal Medicine 175, no. 8 (16 August 2022): JC92.
• Akerman, Anouschka, Vanessa Milogiannakis, Tyra Jean, Camille Esneau, Mariana Ruiz Silva, Timothy Ison, Christina Fichter, et al. ‘Emergence and Antibody Evasion of BQ, BA.2.75 and SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Sub-Lineages in the Face of Maturing Antibody Breadth at the Population Level’. EBioMedicine 90 (30 March 2023): 104545.
• Akinosoglou, Karolina, Emmanouil-Angelos Rigopoulos, Georgia Kaiafa, Stylianos Daios, Eleni Karlafti, Eleftheria Ztriva, Georgios Polychronopoulos, Charalambos Gogos, and Christos Savopoulos. ‘Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab in SARS-CoV-2 Prophylaxis and Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Experience’. Viruses 15, no. 1 (30 December 2022): 118.
• Alejo, Jennifer L., Jake D. Kim, Teresa Py Chiang, Robin K. Avery, Andrew H. Karaba, Alexa Jefferis, Daniel S. Warren, et al. ‘Patient-Reported Outcomes after Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Safety, Effectiveness, and Perceptions of Risk’. Clinical Transplantation, 18 January 2023, e14913.
• Alhumaid, Saad, Abbas Al Mutair, Jalal Alali, Nourah Al Dossary, Sami Hussain Albattat, Sarah Mahmoud Al HajjiMohammed, Fatimah Saad Almuaiweed, et al. ‘Efficacy and Safety of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab to Prevent COVID-19 (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Diseases 10, no. 4 (1 December 2022): 118.
• Al-Obaidi, Mohanad M., Ahmet B. Gungor, Sandra E. Kurtin, Ann E. Mathias, Bekir Tanriover, and Tirdad T. Zangeneh. ‘The Prevention of COVID-19 in High-Risk Patients Using Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab (Evusheld): Real-World Experience at a Large Academic Center’. The American Journal of Medicine, 28 September 2022.
• Anmar, Al-Taie. ‘Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab: Can We See More Recommendations for Monoclonal Antibodies Beyond COVID-19 Vaccination’. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8 June 2022, 1–2.
• Antonov, V. N., and G. L. Ignatova. ‘Efficacy and safety of patients immunization with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with monoclonal antibodies’. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 95, no. 3 (26 April 2023): 243–47.
• Atluri, Kavya, Iris Aimlin, and Shitij Arora. ‘Current Effective Therapeutics in Management of COVID-19’. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 13 (1 July 2022): 3838.
• Aqeel, Faten, and Duvuru Geetha. ‘Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) in Rituximab-Treated Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Vasculitis Patients’. Kidney International Reports, 27 August 2022.
• Baloda, Vandana, Erin K. McCreary, Breana K. Goscicki, Michael R. Shurin, and Sarah E. Wheeler. ‘Tixagevimab Plus Cilgavimab Does Not Affect the Interpretation of Electrophoretic and Free Light Chain Assays’. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 5 December 2022, aqac137.
• Bender Ignacio, Rachel A., David A. Wohl, Rosalin Arends, Venkatesh Pilla Reddy, Ying Mu, Arzhang Cyrus Javan, Michael D. Hughes, et al. ‘Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (AZD7442) Administered Intravenously Versus Intramuscularly in Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection’. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 7 July 2022.
• Benotmane, Ilies, Aurélie Velay, Gabriela Gautier Vargas, Jérôme Olagne, Olivier Thaunat, Samira Fafi-Kremer, and Sophie Caillard. ‘Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with 300 Mg Evusheld Elicits Limited Neutralizing Activity against the Omicron Variant’. Kidney International, 24 May 2022, S0085-2538(22)00383-0.
• Benotmane, Ilies, Aurélie Velay, Gabriela Gautier Vargas, Jérôme Olagne, Augustin Obrecht, Noëlle Cognard, Francoise Heibel, et al. ‘Breakthrough COVID-19 Cases despite Prophylaxis with 150 Mg of Tixagevimab and 150 Mg of Cilgavimab in Kidney Transplant Recipients’. American Journal of Transplantation. Accessed 23 June 2022.
• Benotmane, Ilies, Aurélie Velay, Gabriela Gautier Vargas, Jérôme Olagne, Noëlle Cognard, Francoise Heibel, Laura Braun-Parvez, et al. ‘A Rapid Decline in the Anti-Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein IgG Titer in Kidney Transplant Recipients after Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab Administration’. Kidney International (13 August 2022).
• Bertrand, Dominique, Charlotte Laurent, Veronique Lemée, Ludivine Lebourg, Mélanie Hanoy, Frank Le Roy, Dorian Nezam, et al. ‘Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Prophylaxis and Vaccination on the Omicron Variant of COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients’. Kidney International 102, no. 2 (August 2022): 440–42.
• Birabaharan, Morgan, Eddie Hill, Maedha Begur, David C. Kaelber, Thomas Cs Martin, and Sanjay R. Mehta. ‘Cardiovascular Outcomes after Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab Use for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis against COVID-19: A Population-Based Propensity-Matched Cohort Study’. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 16 November 2022, ciac894.
• Boschi, Céline, Philippe Colson, Audrey Bancod, Valérie Moal, and Bernard La Scola. ‘Omicron Variant Escapes Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) Including Recently Released Evusheld®, Contrary to 8 Prior Main Variant of Concern (VOC)’. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 16 February 2022, ciac143.
• Brady, Drugan K., Aashi R. Gurijala, Liyu Huang, Ali A. Hussain, Audrey L. Lingan, Olivia G. Pembridge, Brina A. Ratangee, Tristan T. Sealy, Kyle T. Vallone, and Thomas P. Clements. ‘A Guide to COVID-19 Antiviral Therapeutics: A Summary and Perspective of the Antiviral Weapons Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection’. The FEBS Journal, 20 October 2022.
• Brady, Tyler, Tianhui Zhang, Kevin M. Tuffy, Nantaporn Haskins, Qun Du, Jia Lin, Gilad Kaplan, et al. ‘Qualification of a Biolayer Interferometry Assay to Support AZD7442 Resistance Monitoring’. Microbiology Spectrum 10, no. 5 (22 August 2022): e01034-22.
• Bruel, Timothée, Jérôme Hadjadj, Piet Maes, Delphine Planas, Aymeric Seve, Isabelle Staropoli, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, et al. ‘Serum Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in Patients Receiving Monoclonal Antibodies’. Nature Medicine 28, no. 6 (June 2022): 1297–1302.
• Bruel, Timothée, Karl Stéfic, Yann Nguyen, Donatella Toniutti, Isabelle Staropoli, Françoise Porrot, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, et al. ‘Longitudinal Analysis of Serum Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in Patients Receiving Monoclonal Antibodies’. Cell Reports. Medicine, 17 November 2022, 100850.
• [PREPRINT] Bruel, Timothée, Karl Stéfic, Yann Nguyen, Donatella Toniutti, Isabelle Staropoli, Françoise Porrot, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, et al. ‘Longitudinal Analysis of Serum Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 in Patients Receiving Monoclonal Antibodies’. medRxiv, 13 August 2022.
• Calabrese, Cassandra, Elizabeth Kirchner, Alexandra Villa-Forte, Rula A. Hajj-Ali, Brandon P. Moss, James P. Fernandez, and Leonard Calabrese. ‘Early Experience with Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Undergoing B Cell Depleting Therapy and Those with Inborn Errors of Humoral Immunity’. RMD Open 8, no. 2 (1 September 2022): e002557.
• Cao, Yunlong, Weiliang Song, Lei Wang, Pan Liu, Can Yue, Fanchong Jian, Yuanling Yu, et al. ‘Characterization of the Enhanced Infectivity and Antibody Evasion of Omicron BA.2.75’. Cell Host & Microbe, 4 October 2022, S1931-3128(22)00511-X.
• Case, James Brett, Samantha Mackin, John M. Errico, Zhenlu Chong, Emily A. Madden, Bradley Whitener, Barbara Guarino, et al. ‘Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 Monoclonal Antibody Treatments against Infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Lineage Strains’. Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2 July 2022): 3824.
• Chavda, Vivek P., Riddhi Prajapati, Disha Lathigara, Bhumi Nagar, Jay Kukadiya, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N. Uversky, Mukesh N. Kher, and Rajvi Patel. ‘Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for COVID-19 Management: An Update’. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 22, no. 6 (June 2022): 763–80.
• Chen, Benjamin, Nina Haste, Nancy Binkin, Nancy Law, Lucy E. Horton, Nancy Yam, Victor Chen, and Shira Abeles. ‘Real World Effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld) in the Omicron Era’. PloS One 18, no. 4 (2023): e0275356.
• Chollet, Vincent, Oriol Manuel, and Serge De Vallière. ‘COVID-19, how to treat the disease during Fall 2022?’. Revue Medicale Suisse 18, no. 802 (2 November 2022): 2077–81.
• Conte, William L., and Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo. 2022. ‘Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) Boosts Antibody Levels to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis on b-Cell Depleters’. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 63 (July): 103905.
• Convertino, Irma, Sara Ferraro, Emiliano Cappello, Giulia Valdiserra, Marco Bonaso, and Marco Tuccori. ‘Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab against SARS-CoV-2: The Preclinical and Clinical Development and Real-World Evidence’. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 17 January 2023.
• Cusi, Maria Grazia, Anna Maria Di Giacomo, Gabriele Anichini, Gianni Gori Savellini, Chiara Terrosi, Claudia Gandolfo, and Michele Maio. ‘Rational Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as Therapeutic Treatment in an Oncologic Patient with Long COVID’. Viruses 15, no. 3 (23 February 2023): 614.
• Das, Nabarun Chandra, Pritha Chakraborty, Jagadeesh Bayry, and Suprabhat Mukherjee. ‘In Silico Analyses on the Comparative Potential of Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Newly Emerged SARS-CoV-2 Variants Bearing Mutant Spike Protein’. Frontiers in Immunology 12 (2021): 782506.
• Davis, Jennifer M., and Jonathan Z. Li. ‘The Promise and Peril of Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Monoclonal Antibodies’. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 76, no. 7 (3 April 2023): 1257–59.
• Degirmenci, Huseyin Berk, Jinseo Oh, Alison M. Bays, Jenna L. Thomason, and Jean W. Liew. ‘Public Interest in COVID-19 Therapeutics for High-Risk Populations During the Omicron Era: A Google Trends Analysis’. Cureus 14, no. 12 (December 2022): e32684.
• [PREPRINT] Desautels, Thomas A., Kathryn T. Arrildt, Adam T. Zemla, Edmond Y. Lau, Fangqiang Zhu, Dante Ricci, Stephanie Cronin, et al. ‘Computationally Restoring the Potency of a Clinical Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants’. BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology, 24 October 2022, 2022.10.21.513237.
• Dippel, Andrew, Austin Gallegos, Vineela Aleti, Arnita Barnes, Xiaoru Chen, Elizabeth Christian, Jared Delmar, et al. ‘Developability Profiling of a Panel of Fc Engineered SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies’. MAbs 15, no. 1 (2023): 2152526.
• Dong, Jinhui, Seth J. Zost, Allison J. Greaney, Tyler N. Starr, Adam S. Dingens, Elaine C. Chen, Rita E. Chen, et al. ‘Genetic and Structural Basis for SARS-CoV-2 Variant Neutralization by a Two-Antibody Cocktail’. Nature Microbiology 6, no. 10 (October 2021): 1233–44.
• Fitzsimmons, William E. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Transverse Myelitis-Evusheld as an Option When Vaccination Is Not Recommended Due to Severe Adverse Events’. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 5 May 2022, 1–2.
• Focosi, Daniele. ‘A Web Tool to Estimate Baseline Anti-Spike Monoclonal Antibody Efficacy Based on Regional Genomic Surveillance’. Viruses 15, no. 5 (25 April 2023): 1048.
• Focosi, Daniele, and Arturo Casadevall. ‘A Critical Analysis of the Use of Cilgavimab plus Tixagevimab Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail (Evusheld™) for COVID-19 Prophylaxis and Treatment’. Viruses 14, no. 9 (9 September 2022): 1999.
• Focosi, Daniele, Fabrizio Maggi, Shmuel Shoham, and Arturo Casadevall. ‘Discriminating Endogenous Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Spike Antibody Responses from Exogenous Anti-Spike Monoclonal Antibodies: The Case of Evusheld’. Journal of Medical Virology, 3 November 2022, e28277.
• [PREPRINT] Focosi, Daniele, Rodrigo Quiroga, Scott A. McConnell, Marc C. Johnson, and Arturo Casadevall. ‘Convergent Evolution in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Creates a Variant Soup That Causes New COVID-19 Waves’. bioRxiv, 5 December 2022.
• Focosi, Daniele, Rodrigo Quiroga, Scott McConnell, Marc C. Johnson, and Arturo Casadevall. ‘Convergent Evolution in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Creates a Variant Soup from Which New COVID-19 Waves Emerge’. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (23 January 2023): 2264.
• Focosi, Daniele, and Massimo Franchini. ‘Polyclonal Immunoglobulins for COVID-19 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised Patients’. Transfusion and Apheresis Science: Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association: Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis, 31 January 2023, 103648.
• Forte-Soto, Pablo, Muna Albayaty, Dennis Brooks, Rosalinda H. Arends, John Tillinghast, Anastasia A. Aksyuk, Jerome Bouquet, et al. ‘Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Half-Life Extended SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) in Healthy Adults’. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 23 January 2023, jiad014.
• Handlogten, Michael W., Stefanie Bosley, Sarah Dunn, Jie Zhu, Allison Lee-O’Brien, Lina Li, Jamy Therres, et al. ‘Accelerated Cell Culture Process Development and Characterization for Cilgavimab/Tixagevimab (AZD7442) for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19’. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1 February 2023.
• Hu, Ye-Fan, Jing-Chu Hu, Hin Chu, Thomas Yau, Bao-Zhong Zhang, and Jian-Dong Huang. ‘In-Silico Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron’. Viruses 14, no. 2 (14 February 2022): 390.
• Iacobucci, Gareth. ‘Evusheld: Government Is Urged to Expedite Covid Antibody Treatment for Vulnerable Patients’. BMJ 379 (2022): o2431.
• Iacobucci, Gareth. ‘Covid-19: Evusheld Protects the Most Vulnerable Patients, Analysis Shows’. BMJ 379 (8 November 2022): o2690.
• Jakimovski, Dejan, Svetlana P. Eckert, Omid Mirmosayyeb, Sangharsha Thapa, Penny Pennington, David Hojnacki, and Bianca Weinstock-Guttman. ‘Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld™) Prophylaxis Prevents Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections in Immunosuppressed Population: 6-Month Prospective Study’. Vaccines 11, no. 2 (2023): 350.
• Jondreville, Ludovic, Maud D’Aveni, Hélène Labussière-Wallet, Amandine Le Bourgeois, Alban Villate, Ana Berceanu, Silvia-Maria Bezsera, et al. ‘Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (AZD7442) Prevents Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation during the Omicron Wave: A Multicentric Retrospective Study of SFGM-TC’. Journal of Hematology & Oncology 15, no. 1 (28 November 2022): 169.
• Jugler, Collin, Haiyan Sun, Katherine Nguyen, Roman Palt, Mitchell Felder, Herta Steinkellner, and Qiang Chen. ‘A Novel Plant-Made Monoclonal Antibody Enhances the Synergetic Potency of an Antibody Cocktail against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant’. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 20 November 2022.
• [PREPRINT] Jurdi, Ayman Al, Leela Morena, Mariesa Cote, Emily Bethea, Jamil Azzi, and Leonardo V. Riella. 2022. ‘Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Is Associated with Lower Breakthrough Infection Risk in Vaccinated Solid Organ Transplant Recipients during the Omicron Wave’. medRxiv.
• Kaminski, Hannah, Mickael Gigan, Agathe Vermorel, Manon Charrier, Laura Guirle, Frederic Jambon, Arthur Lacapère, et al. ‘Covid-19 Morbidity Decreases with Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Preexposure Prophylaxis in Kidney Transplant Recipients Non/Low Vaccine Responders’. Kidney International, 20 July 2022, S0085-2538(22)00550-6.
• Kaplon, Hélène, Silvia Crescioli, Alicia Chenoweth, Jyothsna Visweswaraiah, and Janice M. Reichert. ‘Antibodies to Watch in 2023’. MAbs 15, no. 1 (2023): 2153410.
• [PREPRINT] Karaba, Andrew H., Jake D. Kim, Teresa P.-Y. Chiang, Jennifer L. Alejo, Aura T. Abedon, Jonathan Mitchell, Amy Chang, et al. ‘Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Neutralizing Activity Following Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab plus Cilgavimab in Vaccinated Solid Organ Transplant Recipients’. MedRxiv: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences, 26 May 2022, 2022.05.24.22275467.
• Keam, Susan J. ‘Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab: First Approval’. Drugs, 21 June 2022.
• Kertes, Jennifer, Shirley Shapiro Ben David, Noya Engel-Zohar, Keren Rosen, Beatriz Hemo, Avner Kantor, Limor Adler, Naama Shamir Stein, Miri Mizrahi Reuveni, and Arnon Shahar. ‘Association between AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Administration and SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Hospitalization and Mortality’. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 29 July 2022, ciac625.
• Konyak, Beyau M., Mohan Sharma, Shabnam Kharia, Ramendra Pati Pandey, and Chung-Ming Chang. ‘A Systematic Review on the Emergence of Omicron Variant and Recent Advancement in Therapies’. Vaccines 10, no. 9 (5 September 2022): 1468.
• Kotton, Camille N. ‘Belt and Suspenders: Vaccines and Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab for Prevention of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Patients’. Annals of Internal Medicine, 12 April 2022.
• Lamballerie, Xavier de, Guillaume Martin-Blondel, Axelle Dupont, Jacques Izopet, France Mentré, Nassim Kamar, Brigitte Autran, et al. ‘Low Serum Neutralization of Omicron Variants a Month after AZD7442 Prophylaxis Initiation’. The Journal of Infection, 8 October 2022, S0163-4453(22)00565-5.
• Lee, Lennard, Keeley Bernhardt, Antonio Pagliuca, and Alex Richter. ‘Abandoning the Winter 2022 Protection for the Immunocompromised - a Highly Irregular, Uncomfortable Decision for a Vulnerable Group That We Are Likely to Regret.’ BMJ, no. 2022;378:o2021 (22 August 2022).
• Levin, Myron J., Andrew Ustianowski, Stéphane De Wit, Odile Launay, Miles Avila, Alison Templeton, Yuan Yuan, et al. ‘Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) for Prevention of Covid-19’. The New England Journal of Medicine 386, no. 23 (9 June 2022): 2188–2200.
• Levin, Myron J., Andrew Ustianowski, Steven Thomas, Alison Templeton, Yuan Yuan, Seth Seegobin, Catherine F. Houlihan, et al. ‘AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Symptomatic COVID-19’. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 22 November 2022, ciac899.
• Loo, Yueh-Ming, Patrick M. McTamney, Rosalinda H. Arends, Michael E. Abram, Anastasia A. Aksyuk, Seme Diallo, Daniel J. Flores, et al. ‘The SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Combination, AZD7442, Is Protective in Nonhuman Primates and Has an Extended Half-Life in Humans’. Science Translational Medicine 14, no. 635 (9 March 2022): eabl8124.
• Mahase, Elisabeth. ‘Covid-19: AstraZeneca Says Its Antibody Drug AZD7442 Is Effective for Preventing and Reducing Severe Illness’. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 375 (19 November 2021): n2860.
• Mahase, Elisabeth. ‘Covid-19: Evusheld Is Unlikely to Prevent Infection with Current or Future Variants, NICE Concludes’. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 380 (16 February 2023): 387.
• Maselkar, Sheetal, Alexandre Kiazand, Alison Templeton, Hugh Montgomery, and Mark T. Esser. ‘Cardiac and Vascular Serious Adverse Events Following Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab - Author’s Reply’. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 12 December 2022, S2213-2600(22)00450-7.
• Mu, Ruipeng, Yue Huang, Jerome Bouquet, Jiaqi Yuan, Robert J. Kubiak, Eric Ma, Sami Naser, et al. ‘Multiplex Hybrid Antigen-Capture LC-MRM Quantification in Sera and Nasal Lining Fluid of AZD7442, a SARS-CoV-2-Targeting Antibody Combination’. Analytical Chemistry, 21 October 2022.
• Mu, Ruipeng, Yue Huang, Jerome Bouquet, Jiaqi Yuan, Robert J. Kubiak, Eric Ma, Sami Naser, et al. ‘Multiplex Hybrid Antigen-Capture LC-MRM Quantification in Sera and Nasal Lining Fluid of AZD7442, a SARS-CoV-2-Targeting Antibody Combination’. Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 43 (1 November 2022): 14835–45.
• Najjar-Debbiny, Ronza, Naomi Gronich, Gabriel Weber, Nili Stein, and Walid Saliba. ‘Effectiveness of Evusheld in Immunocompromised Patients: Propensity Score-Matched Analysis’. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 31 October 2022, ciac855.
• NHS England RAPID-C19. 2022. ‘Defining the Highest-Risk Clinical Subgroups upon Community Infection with SARS-CoV-2 When Considering the Use of Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies (NMABs) and Antiviral Drugs: Independent Advisory Group Report’. GOV.UK. 30 May 2022.
• Nguyen, Yann, Adrien Flahault, Nathalie Chavarot, Cléa Melenotte, Morgane Cheminant, Paul Deschamps, Nicolas Carlier, et al. ‘Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld©) for COVID-19 among 1112 Severely Immunocompromised Patients’. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 1 August 2022, S1198-743X(22)00383-4.
• Ocon, Anthony J., and S. Shahzad Mustafa. ‘Real-World Experience of Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) in Rheumatologic Patients on Rituximab’. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 20 September 2022.
• Odriozola Herrán, Aitor, José Ignacio Fortea Ormaechea, Antonio Cuadrado, Ángela Puente Sánchez, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Javier Crespo, and Emilio Fábrega. ‘Protective Measures against Omicron Could Be More Effective than Evusheld® in Liver Transplant Recipients’. Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas: Organo Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Patologia Digestiva 114, no. 12 (December 2022): 769–70.
• Pawankar, Ruby, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong, Marysia Tiongco-Recto, Jiu-Yao Wang, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Ting Fan Leung, Philip Hei Li, et al. ‘Asia Pacific Perspectives on the Second Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-up Survey’. Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 52, no. 8 (August 2022): 965–73.
• Piszczek, Jolanta, Srinivas Murthy, and Kevin Afra. ‘Cardiac and Vascular Serious Adverse Events Following Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab’. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 12 December 2022.
• [PREPRINT] Planas, Delphine, Timothee Bruel, Isabelle Staropoli, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Francoise Porrot, Piet Maes, Ludivine Grzelak, et al. ‘Resistance of Omicron Subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6 and BQ.1.1 to Neutralizing Antibodies’. BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology, 21 November 2022, 2022.11.17.516888.
• Planas, Delphine, Timothée Bruel, Isabelle Staropoli, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Françoise Porrot, Piet Maes, Ludivine Grzelak, et al. ‘Resistance of Omicron Subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6, and BQ.1.1 to Neutralizing Antibodies’. Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (14 February 2023): 824.
• Rattanavipapong, Waranya, Chittawan Poonsiri, Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Jutarat Apakupakul, Chaninan Sonthichai, Rungrueng Kitphati, and Yot Teerawattananon. ‘Economic Evaluation of Evusheld for Preexposure Prevention of COVID-19 in High-Risk Populations: Early Evidence from Thailand’. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 16 March 2023, 1–12.
• Roe, Tiffany L., Tyler Brady, Nicolette Schuko, Amy Nguyen, Jagadish Beloor, Johnathan D. Guest, Anastasia A. Aksyuk, et al. ‘Molecular Characterization of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants’. Microbiology Spectrum, 2023, e0033323.
• Shaikh, Suhail A., Faiza Morado, Pnada Kawewat-Ho, Rachel Cartus, Roland Davoudi, Kevin Forrester, Krist Azizian, Emily Blodget, Thin Thin Maw, and Neha Nanda. ‘Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab: Utilization in the Solid Organ Transplant Population’. Clinical Transplantation 36, no. 6 (June 2022): e14661.
• Shields, Adrian M, Ariharan Anantharachagan, Gururaj Arumugakani, Kenneth Baker, Sameer Bahal, Helen Baxendale, William Bermingham, et al. 2022. ‘Outcomes Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency in the UK’. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, January, uxac008.
• Singson, Jason Robert C., Pam Daily Kirley, Huong Pham, Gretchen Rothrock, Isaac Armistead, James Meek, Evan J. Anderson, et al. ‘Factors Associated with Severe Outcomes Among Immunocompromised Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 10 States, March 2020-February 2022’. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71, no. 27 (8 July 2022): 878–84.
• Squire, Jacqueline D., Mitchell M. Pitlick, Catherine M. Freeman, and Avni Y. Joshi. ‘Safety and Tolerability of Evusheld in CVID Patients: The Mayo Clinic Experience’. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Global, 8 February 2023, 100081.
• Stuver, Robert, Gunjan L. Shah, Neha S. Korde, Lindsey E. Roeker, Anthony R. Mato, Connie L. Batlevi, David J. Chung, et al. 2022. ‘Activity of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies’. Cancer Cell, May.
• Montgomery, Hugh, F. D. Richard Hobbs, Francisco Padilla, Douglas Arbetter, Alison Templeton, Seth Seegobin, Kenneth Kim, et al. 2022. ‘Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Administration of Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab for Early Outpatient Treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): A Phase 3, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial’. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.
• Tada, Takuya, Hao Zhou, Belinda M. Dcosta, Marie I. Samanovic, Vidya Chivukula, Ramin S. Herati, Stevan R. Hubbard, Mark J. Mulligan, and Nathaniel R. Landau. ‘Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant to Neutralization by Vaccine-Elicited and Therapeutic Antibodies’. EBioMedicine 78 (April 2022): 103944.
• Takashita, Emi, Seiya Yamayoshi, Viviana Simon, Harm van Bakel, Emilia M. Sordillo, Andrew Pekosz, Shuetsu Fukushi, et al. ‘Efficacy of Antibodies and Antiviral Drugs against Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 Subvariants’. New England Journal of Medicine, 20 July 2022.
• Touret, Franck, Cécile Baronti, Hawa Sophia Bouzidi, and Xavier de Lamballerie. ‘In Vitro Evaluation of Therapeutic Antibodies against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron B.1.1.529 Isolate’. Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (18 March 2022): 4683.
• Touret, Franck, Cécile Baronti, Boris Pastorino, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Laetitia Ninove, Antoine Nougairède, and Xavier de Lamballerie. ‘In Vitro Activity of Therapeutic Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5’. Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (23 July 2022): 12609.
• Touret, Franck, Guillaume Martin-Blondel, Xavier de Lamballerie, Axelle Dupont, Jacques Izopet, France Mentré, Nassim Kamar, et al. ‘Low to Undetectable Omicron BQ.1.1 Neutralization by Patient’s Sera a Month after Initiation of AZD7442 600 Mg’. The Journal of Infection, 5 February 2023, S0163-4453(23)00071-3.
• Touret, Franck, Emilie Giraud, Jérôme Bourret, Flora Donati, Jaouen Tran-Rajau, Jeanne Chiaravalli, Frédéric Lemoine, et al. ‘Enhanced Neutralization Escape to Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sub-Lineages’. IScience 26, no. 4 (21 April 2023): 106413.
• [PREPRINT] Tuekprakhon, Aekkachai, Jiandong Huo, Rungtiwa Nutalai, Aiste Dijokaite-Guraliuc, Daming Zhou, Helen M. Ginn, Muneeswaran Selvaraj, et al. 2022. ‘Further Antibody Escape by Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 from Vaccine and BA.1 Serum’. bioRxiv.
• Whelan, Mary Grace, Leah Santacroce, Lucy Masto, Grace Qian, Emily Kowalski, Kathleen Vanni, Sanjat Kanjilal, Michael E. Weinblatt, Jeffrey A. Sparks, and Sara K. Tedeschi. ‘Predictors of Low Spike Antibody Response in Patients with Systemic Rheumatic Disease after an Initial Course of COVID-19 Vaccination’. Clinical Rheumatology, 19 January 2023, 1–6.
• Willicombe, Michelle, Miranda Scanlon, Fiona Loud, and Liz Lightstone. 2022. ‘Should We Be Clinically Assessing Antibody Responses to Covid Vaccines in Immunocompromised People?’ BMJ 377 (April): o966.
• Wise, Jacqui. ‘Covid-19: Evusheld Is Approved in UK for Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised People’. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 376 (17 March 2022): o722.
• Wu, Mary Y., Edward J. Carr, Ruth Harvey, Harriet V. Mears, Svend Kjaer, Hermaleigh Townsley, Agnieszka Hobbs, et al. ‘WHO’s Therapeutics and COVID-19 Living Guideline on MAbs Needs to Be Reassessed’. The Lancet (6 October 2022).
• [PREPRINT] Yamasoba, Daichi, Izumi Kimura, Yusuke Kosugi, Keiya Uriu, Shigeru Fujita, Jumpei Ito, Kei Sato, and The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium. ‘Neutralization Sensitivity of Omicron BA.2.75 to Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies’. bioRxiv, 15 July 2022.
• Yamasoba, Daichi, Yusuke Kosugi, Izumi Kimura, Shigeru Fujita, Keiya Uriu, Jumpei Ito, and Kei Sato. 2022. ‘Neutralisation Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants to Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
• Yang, Jinyoung, Gunho Won, Jin Yang Baek, Young Ho Lee, Haein Kim, Kyungmin Huh, Sun Young Cho, et al. ‘Neutralizing Activity against Omicron BA.5 after Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Administration Comparable to Those after Omicron BA.1/BA.2 Breakthrough Infections’. Frontiers in Immunology 14 (2023): 1139980.
• [PREPRINT] Young-Xu, Yinong, Lauren Epstein, Vincent C. Marconi, Victoria Davey, Gabrielle Zwain, Jeremy Smith, Caroline Korves, Fran Cunningham, Robert Bonomo, and Adit A. Ginde. 2022. ‘Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab for Prevention of COVID-19 during the Omicron Surge: Retrospective Analysis of National VA Electronic Data’. medRxiv.

Secondary References

This secondary bibliography presents a selection of references on topics not directly related to Evusheld but that are of interest (e.g. the mental health implications of shielding).

• Daniels, Jo, and Hannah Rettie. ‘The Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Second Wave on Shielders and Their Family Members’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (January 2022): 7333.

Events

• AstraZeneca. 2022. ‘The Unmet Needs of Immunocompromised Patients Post-COVID 19’. POLITICO. 9 June 2022.

Media

BBC News - 3pm - 21 February 2022 from Shannon Banks on Vimeo.

Channel 5 News - 5pm - 12 July 2022 from Shannon Banks on Vimeo.

ITV News - 6:30pm - 26 July from Shannon Banks on Vimeo.